Sleep Apnea: Causes, Health Risks, and Treatment Options

Cronin & Czarnik Orthodontics • May 2, 2023

Sleep apnea is a serious medical condition that affects both children and adults. It is characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep, which can lead to a range of health risks if left untreated. In this blog, we will explore the causes and health risks of sleep apnea, as well as available treatments and how Cronin & Czarnik Orthodontics can help.

Causes of Sleep Apnea

There are two main types of sleep apnea: obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and central sleep apnea (CSA). OSA is caused by a blockage of the airway during sleep, usually due to the relaxation of the muscles in the throat. CSA, on the other hand, is caused by a failure of the brain to signal the muscles to breathe properly during sleep.

Both types of sleep apnea can be caused by a variety of factors, including obesity, a large tongue or tonsils, nasal congestion, smoking, and alcohol use. Additionally, certain medical conditions, such as heart disease and stroke, can increase the risk of developing sleep apnea.

Health Risks of Sleep Apnea

Sleep apnea can have a range of health risks, both in the short term and the long term. In the short term, sleep apnea can lead to daytime fatigue, headaches, and difficulty concentrating. It can also increase the risk of accidents, particularly while driving or operating heavy machinery.

In the long term, sleep apnea can lead to more serious health conditions, such as high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. In children, sleep apnea can cause behavioral problems, difficulty concentrating in school, and growth issues.

Treatments for Sleep Apnea

There are several treatments available for sleep apnea, depending on the severity of the condition. Mild cases of sleep apnea may be treated with lifestyle changes, such as losing weight, quitting smoking, and avoiding alcohol before bedtime.

More severe cases of sleep apnea may require medical treatment, such as continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy, which uses a machine to deliver a continuous flow of air to keep the airway open during sleep. Surgery may also be an option for some cases of sleep apnea, particularly if there is a physical obstruction in the airway.

How Cronin & Czarnik Orthodontics Can Help

Orthodontic treatment can also be an effective way to treat sleep apnea, particularly in children. Cronin & Czarnik Orthodontics offers a range of orthodontic treatments, including the use of oral appliances that can help to reposition the jaw and tongue to keep the airway open during sleep.

If you or a loved one is experiencing symptoms of sleep apnea and would like to explore orthodontic treatment options, Cronin & Czarnik Orthodontics is here to help. To schedule a complimentary consultation with our experienced team, simply visit our website or call our office at (303) 428-3613 . Our friendly staff will be happy to answer any questions you may have and help you get started on the path to better sleep and overall health.

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June 19, 2026
Looking Beyond the Latest Acronym If you've been researching adult palate expansion online, you've probably come across a confusing list of terms: MARPE MASPE MSE Custom MARPE FME Hybrid Expanders Bone-Borne Expanders It can seem like every few months there is another acronym claiming to be the "new" or "better" way to expand the upper jaw. So what's the difference? The answer is surprisingly simple: Most of these names describe very similar concepts, and often the differences are in appliance design or how the appliance is activated—not an entirely new treatment philosophy. At Cronin & Czarnik Orthodontics, we've been providing skeletal expansion for years. More importantly, we were early adopters of slow activation protocols long before the term "MASPE" became popular. Our philosophy has always been to treat the biology—not the buzzwords. What is MARPE? MARPE stands for Mini-Implant Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion . Despite the word "rapid," MARPE simply refers to an expander that is supported by temporary mini-implants (TADs) placed in the palate. Unlike traditional expanders that rely mostly on the teeth, MARPE transfers much of the expansion force directly into the upper jaw bone, making it possible to successfully expand many older teenagers and adults who have completed growth. MARPE has transformed orthodontics by allowing many patients to avoid more invasive surgical procedures while achieving true skeletal expansion. Then What is MASPE? MASPE generally stands for Mini-Implant Assisted Slow Palatal Expansion . Here's the important part: MASPE is not a completely different appliance. In most situations, it is simply a MARPE appliance that is activated differently. Instead of prescribing aggressive daily turns, the appliance is activated much more gradually, allowing the surrounding bone, sutures, and facial structures additional time to adapt. In other words: Same appliance. Different protocol. This distinction has become increasingly recognized because clinicians have learned that many adult patients respond better to slower, more biologic expansion than the traditional "rapid" approach. We Were Using Slow Expansion Before It Had a Name One of the exciting parts of orthodontics is that techniques continue to evolve. Sometimes the science changes. Sometimes the terminology changes even faster. Long before the phrase "MASPE" became common, our office had already transitioned toward slower, more controlled activation for many patients. Why? Because our clinical experience—and the growing body of research—showed that every patient responds differently. Rather than forcing every patient into the same schedule, we individualized treatment based on: Age Bone maturity Suture response Comfort CBCT imaging Overall treatment goals Airway considerations That philosophy continues today. Why We Prefer a Slow, Customized Approach Every patient's biology is different. Some patients respond quickly. Others require more time. Some benefit from stretching protocols before active expansion. Others progress with very minimal activation. Our goal isn't simply to make the screw turn. Our goal is to achieve stable skeletal expansion while minimizing unnecessary stress on the teeth, gums, and surrounding bone. A slower protocol may offer advantages such as: Improved patient comfort Better control of tooth movement Reduced unwanted dental tipping More gradual adaptation of surrounding tissues More predictable biologic response There is no single activation schedule that works for every patient. Why Are There So Many Different Names? Orthodontics has always been full of evolving terminology. Over the past several years you've likely seen names such as: MARPE MASPE MSE FME Custom MARPE Bone-Borne Expansion Hybrid Expansion Each represents a variation in appliance design, engineering, or activation philosophy. Sometimes these innovations are meaningful. Sometimes they're primarily different ways of describing similar concepts. The most important question isn't: "Which acronym is best?" Instead ask: "Does my orthodontist have experience diagnosing the right patients and customizing treatment for my anatomy?" That question has a much bigger impact on success than the letters attached to the appliance. Expansion is About More Than Creating Space Many people assume expansion is only used to make room for crowded teeth. While that is certainly one benefit, widening a narrow upper jaw may also help: Correct crossbites Improve smile width Create room for proper tongue posture Improve bite function Support healthier nasal breathing in appropriately selected patients Potentially reduce the need for tooth extractions Every patient is unique, which is why a comprehensive evaluation—including digital scans and 3D CBCT imaging—is essential before recommending treatment. Experience Matters Adult skeletal expansion has become increasingly popular over the past decade. As with any advanced orthodontic procedure, success depends on much more than purchasing a particular appliance. It requires: Careful diagnosis Detailed 3D treatment planning Appropriate appliance selection Customized activation schedules Close monitoring throughout treatment Knowing when to speed up—or slow down—the process At Cronin & Czarnik Orthodontics, skeletal expansion is one of our areas of expertise. We've been helping both children and adults with airway-focused orthodontics and customized MARPE treatment for years, and we continue to refine our protocols as new evidence emerges. Rather than chasing the newest acronym, we focus on what has always mattered most: Providing personalized, biologically respectful treatment that gives each patient the best opportunity for a healthy, stable, and lasting result. Wondering if You're a Candidate? Whether you've heard the terms MARPE, MASPE, MSE, or another variation, the first step is the same: a comprehensive evaluation. At Cronin & Czarnik Orthodontics, we'll determine whether skeletal expansion is appropriate for you, explain your options, and develop a customized treatment plan based on your unique anatomy—not the latest trend. Schedule your complimentary consultation today to learn whether MARPE or another expansion approach is right for you.
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